Characteristics of four lightweight metals: aluminum, titanium, magnesium, and beryllium
Lightweight metals play a vital role in modern manufacturing. With the increasing requirements of modern manufacturing for product performance, lightweighting has become the goal of many industries such as aerospace and automobiles. Parts made of lightweight metals show excellent characteristics such as high strength, corrosion resistance, and high temperature resistance in these fields, which is of great significance for reducing weight.
In the field of CNC processing, lightweight metals such as aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, and titanium alloys are widely used. For example, the use rate of aluminum alloys in modern aircraft exceeds 70%. Every kilogram of aircraft weight reduction can significantly save fuel consumption and reduce operating costs. This article will explore in depth the characteristics, advantages, and application cases of common lightweight metals in CNC processing.
1.What are lightweight metals?
Lightweight metals are metals with relatively low density, which means they weigh less per volume. Their specific gravity is generally between 1.5 and 5.0 g/cm3, which is lower than common engineering materials such as steel (about 7.85 g/cm3). This property makes them extremely valuable in industries such as aerospace, automotive and consumer electronics, especially in electric vehicles, where it helps reduce weight and improve performance.
2.Commonly used lightweight metals for CNC machining
(1)Aluminum alloy
Aluminum alloy has good corrosion resistance because a dense oxide film is formed on its surface, which can block oxygen and moisture from contacting the internal metal and slow down corrosion. In CNC machining, if the surface is properly treated, such as forming a thicker and stronger oxide film through anodizing and other methods, the corrosion resistance can be further improved and the product life can be greatly extended.
Features
The density is 2.7 g/cm3, the strength-to-weight ratio is high, the corrosion resistance is excellent, and the machinability is easy.
Advantages: Aluminum can provide important structural support without significantly increasing the weight, and is an ideal choice for applications in wet environments such as outdoor and marine environments. In addition, there are a variety of alloys (such as 7075, 6061 and 5052) to choose from for specific applications.
Application areas
Widely used in aerospace components (such as aircraft frames, wing structures), automotive parts (such as wheels, engine blocks), sports equipment (such as bicycle frames), and electronic product housings (such as laptops, mobile devices).
(2)Titanium Alloy
Titanium is strong and stronger than many traditional metals (such as steel), but much lighter, making it an ideal material for high-strength and low-weight applications (such as the aerospace industry). In CNC machining, its high strength can produce thinner and stronger parts, reducing the overall weight, while its good toughness allows it to withstand machining stress and is not easy to break. Titanium has a strength of more than 1000MPa, which is several times that of ordinary steel. Titanium parts perform reliably under high loads, ensuring product safety.
Features
Features: Density 4.43 g/cm³, high tensile strength, excellent corrosion resistance, difficult machinability, and requires special tools.
Advantages: Titanium has a higher unit weight strength than most metals, is suitable for high-stress applications, can maintain strength at high temperatures, and its natural oxide layer has excellent corrosion resistance (especially in salt water and acidic environments).
Application Areas
Used in aerospace (such as turbine engines, structural components), medical (such as implants, prostheses), ships (such as propeller shafts, accessories), and high-performance automobiles (such as exhaust systems).
(3)Magnesium alloy
Magnesium is the lightest structural metal currently available and is very attractive for weight-sensitive industries. However, compared with aluminum and titanium, magnesium alloys are more difficult to process and are more susceptible to corrosion if not handled properly.
Features
Features: Density 1.738 g/cm³, medium strength-to-weight ratio (lighter but weaker than aluminum), medium corrosion resistance (requires coating or alloy to improve corrosion resistance), medium machinability (caution required due to flammability).
Advantages: Magnesium has a low density and is the first choice for weight-reducing key applications. Although it is weaker than aluminum and titanium, it still has good strength in many applications and is more cost-effective than some lightweight materials.
Application areas
Applied in automobiles (such as engine blocks, gearboxes), aerospace (such as aircraft seats, brackets), and consumer electronics (such as laptop cases, mobile devices).
(4)Beryllium
Beryllium is an advanced lightweight metal that is often used in highly specialized applications. It is more expensive and difficult to process than aluminum or titanium, but its unique properties make it extremely valuable in specific industries. Beryllium has high strength, low density and excellent thermal properties, making it the material of choice for high-performance applications.
Characteristics
Characteristics: Density 1.848 g/cm³, very high strength (stronger than many other lightweight metals), high corrosion resistance (especially at high temperatures), difficult machinability (specialized equipment and safety precautions required).
Advantages: Beryllium is stronger than other lightweight metals and stable at high temperatures. It can be used in high-performance thermal systems such as heat exchangers. Its high hardness makes it an ideal material for making precision parts.
Applications
Used in aerospace (such as satellite components, structural parts), nuclear energy (such as reactors, radiation shielding), and electronic products (such as connectors, electrical contacts).
3.Considerations for selecting lightweight metals
Selecting lightweight metals for CNC machining requires comprehensive consideration of factors such as strength requirements, corrosion resistance, machinability, and cost.
Aluminum alloys have balanced properties and are commonly used materials; titanium alloys have excellent strength and high temperature resistance, but are expensive; magnesium alloys are suitable for weight-sensitive applications; and beryllium is suitable for highly specialized applications.
Below I will provide a performance comparison table of four metals: aluminum, magnesium, titanium, and beryllium, to help you choose these four materials.
Lightweight Metal Comparison Table
| Property | Aluminum | Titanium | Magnesium | Beryllium | High-Strength Steel Alloys |
| Density | 2.7 g/cm³ | 4.43 g/cm³ | 1.738 g/cm³ | 1.848 g/cm³ | 7.85 g/cm³ |
| Strength-to-Weight Ratio | High | Very High | Very High | Extremely High | Very High |
| Tensile Strength | 250 – 300 MPa (6061) | 900 – 1,200 MPa (Grade 5) | 230 MPa (AZ91D) | 1,000 – 1,200 MPa | 450 – 1,000 MPa (4130), 700 – 1,100 MPa (4340) |
| Corrosion Resistance | Excellent (especially anodized) | Excellent (especially for marine and aerospace) | Good (magnesium alloys can be prone to corrosion) | Excellent (but toxic dust) | Moderate to Low (requires coatings) |
| Machinability | Excellent | Fair (harder to machine) | Good | Fair (due to brittleness) | Fair (requires specialized tooling) |
| Cost | Low to Moderate | High | Moderate | Very High (due to rarity and toxicity) | Moderate to High (depending on alloy) |
| Thermal Conductivity | Moderate | Low | High | Very High | Moderate to Low |
| Electrical Conductivity | Good | Moderate | Low | High | Low |
| Temperature Resistance | Moderate | Very High | Moderate | Very High | Very High |
| Common Alloys | 6061, 7075, 2024 | Ti-6Al-4V | AZ91D | Beryllium-Copper (BeCu) | 4130, 4340, 4140 |
4.Reasons for choosing lightweight metals
(1) Improve fuel efficiency and performance
In industries such as aerospace, automotive and transportation, using lightweight metals to reduce product weight can directly improve fuel efficiency and performance. Lightweight metals such as aluminum, magnesium and titanium can reduce the total weight of the final product and reduce the energy required to move or operate it.
(2) Corrosion resistance and long life
Lightweight metals such as aluminum, titanium and magnesium alloys have excellent corrosion resistance, which is essential for material applications exposed to harsh environments. Good corrosion resistance can extend the service life of the product and reduce long-term maintenance and replacement costs.
(3) Improve machinability
Lightweight metals are often selected for machinability, that is, the ease with which the material can be processed in processes such as CNC machining, milling and turning. Many lightweight metals (such as aluminum) have relatively simple machining requirements, which can shorten production time and reduce labor costs.
(4) Sustainability and
Sustainable development is becoming increasingly important in various industries, and lightweight metals can help improve the environmental credentials of projects. Reducing the weight of products can improve energy efficiency during use and reduce the impact of transportation and production on the environment.
(5) Versatility
Lightweight metals are widely used in a variety of industries. Whether it is durable components in high-tech industries or lightweight materials for consumer products, they can meet a variety of needs.
(6) Specific applications
Lightweight metals can often be alloyed with other materials to enhance specific properties. For example, aluminum can be alloyed with copper, magnesium or silicon to improve strength, corrosion resistance or thermal conductivity, allowing manufacturers to choose the ideal material based on project requirements.
5.How to choose the best lightweight metals for your project?
Since aluminum alloy, magnesium alloy and titanium alloy are the most widely used metals in the manufacturing industry, the following will compare the performance differences of these three metals in various aspects and give a specific ranking after each difference point, so that you can see their differences very intuitively, and then choose the most suitable lightweight metal material according to your own project needs.
(1) Comparison of mechanical properties
Aluminum alloy has moderate strength, but has good ductility and impact resistance, which is suitable for shell manufacturing. CNC machining of aluminum alloy parts is very common in the manufacturing industry. Common grades such as 6061 and 7075 are widely used in aerospace.
The strength of magnesium alloy is slightly lower than that of aluminum, but it has excellent shock absorption performance and rigidity-to-weight ratio, which is suitable for manufacturing lightweight frames and precision electronic products.
Titanium alloy has the highest strength, with a tensile strength of more than 900 MPa, while maintaining good plasticity and toughness, and can withstand extreme mechanical loads.
Strength ranking:
- Titanium alloy
- Aluminum alloy
- Magnesium alloy
Aluminum Alloy Parts Product Pictures
(2) Corrosion resistance and durability
The surface of aluminum alloy is easily oxidized, but the oxide film formed has a certain protective effect. For marine or acid-base environments, additional surface treatment technology is required to enhance its corrosion resistance.
Magnesium alloys are highly chemically active and are extremely susceptible to corrosion, especially in hot and humid or salt spray environments, requiring special coatings or anodizing treatment.
Titanium alloys naturally have extremely strong corrosion resistance, especially in seawater, strong acid and strong alkali environments, and are very suitable for use in medical, marine and chemical equipment.
Corrosion resistance ranking:
Titanium alloy
Aluminum alloy
Magnesium alloy
Magnesium alloy parts product pictures
(3) Industrial use and scope of application
Aluminum alloy has the widest application, from aerospace, automobiles, construction to consumer electronics, covering almost all medium-strength lightweight demand scenarios.
Magnesium alloys are mainly used in lightweight automobiles, electronic products, aviation interiors and other structures that are extremely sensitive to weight loss.
Titanium alloys are mostly used in high-end industries. The aerospace field has a strong demand for titanium alloys, such as jet engines, medical implants, and diving equipment. Although the cost is high, the performance is excellent.
Ranking of industrial applications:
Aluminum alloy
Titanium alloy
Magnesium alloy
Titanium alloy parts product pictures
(4) Comparison of light metal properties (density, specific strength, etc.)
Aluminum alloy has a density of about 2.7 g/cm³, moderate strength, good specific strength (strength/density), and high cost performance.
Magnesium alloy has a density of only 1.738 g/cm³, which is the lightest among structural metals. Although its strength is slightly lower, its specific rigidity and shock absorption are strong.
Titanium alloy has a density of about 4.43 g/cm³. Although it is heavier, its strength is extremely high, resulting in its highest specific strength among the three, making it suitable for use under extreme conditions.
Ranking of light metal properties (comprehensive lightness + specific strength):
Titanium alloy
Magnesium alloy
Aluminum alloy
Summary:
| Comparison Dimension | Ranking (1 is the best) |
| Mechanical Properties | 1. Titanium > 2. Aluminum > 3. Magnesium |
| Corrosion Resistance | 1. Titanium > 2. Aluminum > 3. Magnesium |
| Industrial Applications | 1. Aluminum > 2. Titanium > 3. Magnesium |
| Light Metal Property | 1. Titanium > 2. Magnesium > 3. Aluminum |
How to choose?
After reading these comparisons, do you know how to compare the three? If you need more professional advice, our Xavier engineers will answer you online.
If you need high strength and high corrosion resistance (such as aviation, medical, and marine), please choose titanium alloy;
If you pursue moderate cost and wide application, give priority to aluminum alloy;
If the project has strict requirements for extreme weight reduction and shock absorption (such as 3C product shell), magnesium alloy is the preferred option.
Conclusion
Choosing lightweight metals for CNC machining requires a combination of factors, including performance requirements, environmental conditions, and machinability. Metals such as aluminum, titanium, and magnesium have their own advantages in different applications, and manufacturers can carefully evaluate these factors to select the ideal material to achieve a balance of strength, weight, and cost. If in doubt, consult with Xavier CNC machining professionals to ensure that the right metal is selected for optimal performance and efficiency.